Female and Male Phenotypes of Iron Deficiency in CHF. Additional analysis of the «The Prevalence of Iron Deficiency in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure in the Russian Federation (J-CHF-RF)¼ study.

Aim    To evaluate the incidence of iron deficiency (ID) in men and women with chronic heart failure (CHF) and to compare clinical and functional indexes in patient with and without ID depending on the gender.Material and methods    An additional analysis of the study "Prevalence of Iron Deficiency in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure in the Russian Federation (ID-CHF-RF)" was performed. The study included 498 (198 women, 300 men) patients with CHF, in whom, in addition to iron metabolism, the quality of life and exercise tolerance (ET) were studied. 97 % of patients were enrolled during their stay in a hospital. ID was defined in consistency with the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines. Also, and additional analysis was performed according to ID criteria validated by the morphological picture of the bone marrow.Results    ID was detected in 174 (87.9 %) women and 239 (79.8 %) men (p=0.028) according to the ESC criteria, and in 154 (77.8 %) women and 217 (72.3 %) men (p=0.208) according to the criteria validated by the morphological picture of the bone marrow. Men with ID were older and had more severe CHF. They more frequently had HF functional class (FC) III and IV (63.4 % vs. 43.3 % in men without ID); higher concentrations of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and lower ET. HF FC III increased the probability of ID presence 3.4 times (p=0.02) and the probability of HF FC IV 13.7 times (p=0.003). This clinical picture was characteristic of men when either method of determining ID was used. In women, ID was not associated with more severe CHF.Conclusion    Based on the presented analysis, it is possible to characterize the male and female ID phenotypes. The male ID phenotype is associated with more severe CHF, low ET, and poor quality of life. In females of the study cohort, ID was not associated with either the severity of CHF or with ET.

[Pharmacological modulation of wound healing in glaucoma surgery]. / Farmakoterapevticheskie podkhody k upravleniyu reparativnymi protsessami v khirurgii glaukomy.

Despite the well-known effectiveness of pharmacological glaucoma therapy, surgical approach remains one of the main treatment options for some forms and stages of the disease. The long-term success of glaucoma surgery depends on the intensity of local wound healing processes at the surgical site. The most common way to influence healing processes in surgical treatment of glaucoma is the use of antimetabolites. However, given the high risk of serious complications associated with their use, the search for new drugs devoid of these disadvantages continues. The aim of this review is to describe the efficacy and safety of both currently used and upcoming pharmacological ways to influence the wound healing process after glaucoma surgery in order to improve the stability of hypotensive effect.

[Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children].

The growing prevalence of overweight and obesity is an urgent problem not only in adults but also in children in both developed and developing countries. The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of overweight and obesity and other forms of nutritional disorders in Russian children. Material and methods. The nutritional status of 17 329 children aged 2-18 years was assessed on the basis of anthropometric data, obtained by the Federal State Statistics Service during the "Sample Survey of the Population's Diet" in 2018. The prevalence of various forms of malnutrition was assessed by the Z-score categories: underweight, stunted growth (short stature), thinness, overweight, obesity. Results. Population mean and median values of Z-scores in all sex-age groups do not exceed ±0.5 in relation to WHO standards, which indicates the applicability of the standards to assessing the nutritional status of Russian children population. High body weight (WAZ>2) occurs in 7.6% of children, underweight in 2.6%. The incidence of short stature in boys and girls is 7.0 and 6.8%, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in boys is 20.4 and 10.4%, respectively, while in girls, 15.4 and 7.6%. In general, in the population of children 2-18 years old, the prevalence of overweight is 18%, and obesity is 9.1%. The index of malnutrition, including the sum of the frequency of various combinations of low Z-scores (<-2), characterizing underweight, short stature, thinness, and their combinations was 8.0%. The multilevel logistic regression showed that overweight and obesity inversely depend on age; the risk of developing these conditions is lower in the city, but higher in male children compared to female children. Conclusion. The population of children 2-18 years old in the Russian Federation is characterized by a low incidence of forms of malnutrition, such as underweight and thinness. However, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is higher than in European countries.

[Iron deficiency in Russia heart failure patients. Observational cross-sectional multicenter study].

Aim    To evaluate the prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) in Russian patients with heart failure (HF).Material and methods    Iron metabolism variables were studied in 498 (198 women, 300 men) patients with HF. Data were evaluated at admission for HF (97 %) or during an outpatient visit (3 %). ID was determined according to the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines.Results    83.1 % of patients had ID; only 43.5 % of patients with ID had anemia. Patients with ID were older: 70.0 [63.0;79.0] vs. 66.0 years [57.0;75.2] (p=0.009). The number of patients with ID increased in parallel with the increase in HF functional class (FC). Among patients with ID, fewer people were past or current alcohol users (p=0.002), and a greater number of patients had atrial fibrillation (60.1 vs. 45.2 %, p=0.016). A multiple logistic regression showed that more severe HF (HF FC) was associated with a higher incidence of ID detection, whereas past alcohol use was associated with less pronounced ID. An increase in N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) by 100 pg/ml was associated with an increased likelihood of ID (odds ratio, 1.006, 95 % confidence interval: 1.002-1.011, p=0.0152).Conclusion    The incidence rate of HF patients is high in the Russian Federation (83.1 %). Only 43.5 % of these patients had anemia. The prevalence of ID in the study population increased with increases in HF FC and NT-proBNP.

Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation in a representative sample of the European part of the Russian Federation. Analysis of EPOCH-CHF study.

Aim    To study true prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in a representative sample from the European part of the Russian Federation; to describe characteristics of patients with AF; and to provide the frequency of anticoagulant treatment.Material and methods    Cross-sectional data of the EPOCH epidemiological study (2017) were used. Data were collected in 8 constituent entities of the Russian Federation; the sample size was 11 453 people. The sample included all respondents who had given their consent for participation and were older than 10 years. Statistical tests were performed in the R system for statistical data analysis.Results    The prevalence of AF in the representative sample from the European part of the Russian Federation was 2.04 %. The AF prevalence increased with age and reached a maximum value of 9.6% in the age group of 80 to 89 years. The AF prevalence among females was 1.5 times higher than among men. With age standardization, the AF prevalence was 18.95 and 21.33 per 1,000 people for men and women, respectively. The AF prevalence increased in the presence of concurrent cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) or diabetes mellitus as well as with an increased number of comorbidities in the same person and reached 70.3 and 60.0 % in patients with 4 and 5 comorbidities, respectively. Patients with AF had a greater number of comorbidities and higher CHA2DS2VASc scores (5.0 vs. 2.0, p<0.001) compared to patients with CVDs without AF. Only 22.6 % of patients with CVD and AF took anticoagulants. Only 23.9% of patients with absolute indications for the anticoagulant treatment received anticoagulants.Conclusion    The AF prevalence in the European part of the Russian Federation was 2.04 %; it increased with age and in patients with concurrent CVDs or diabetes mellitus. Most of AF patients (93.2 %) required a mandatory treatment with oral anticoagulants.

[Satisfaction with the quality of medical care of the mentally ill patients and its determining factors]. / Udovletvorennost' kachestvom meditsinskoi pomoshchi psikhicheski bol'nykh i faktory, ee opredelyayushchie.

OBJECTIVE: To study satisfaction with treatment as a predictor of compliance in patients with mental disorders prone to committing socially dangerous acts (SDA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 83 patients of a psycho-neurological institution prone to commit SDA. The comparison group consisted of 88 mental patients who were not inclined to commit SDA. The material was collected using the method of anonymous survey according to the «Questionnaire for the Study of Satisfaction of the Population with Inpatient Medical Care¼. To interpret the data, quantitative and qualitative indicators were calculated. RESULTS: Satisfaction with treatment in consumers of psychiatric services is high, reaching 96.4% (n=80) in the main group and 97.7% (n=86) in the comparison group. Doctors' knowledge (95.2%, n=79 and 97.7%, n=86) and the level of trust in them (86.8%, n=72 and 90.9%, n=80) received the highest share of positive assessments by the patients. However, patients who are prone to commit SDA rate lower both medical care in general (68.7%, n=57 vs. 90.9%, n=80) and its individual parameters. Thus, 71.1% (n=59) believe that the doctor does not perceive them as an independent person, does not devote enough time to them (41%, n=34). In the comparison group, there are fewer such answers (11.4%, n=10; 4.5%, n=4). Patients highly (89.2%, n=74 and 94.3%, n=83) rate the living conditions in the hospital.The perceived quality of medical care is influenced by three groups of factors: the characteristics of consumers of medical services, the possibilities for using health services, the assessed and perceived need for medical services. Equally important is the study of contextual factors in the use of mental health services. CONCLUSION: The formation of a trusting relationship between the patient and the doctor and ensuring the latter maintain medical secrecy contributes to strengthening social interaction and, as a result, reducing the feeling of coercion, increasing internal motivation and satisfaction with the quality of treatment.

Adaptive Role of Cell Death in Yeast Communities Stressed with Macrolide Antifungals.

Microorganisms cooperate with each other to protect themselves from environmental stressors. An extreme case of such cooperation is regulated cell death for the benefit of other cells. Dying cells can provide surviving cells with nutrients or induce their stress response by transmitting an alarm signal; however, the role of dead cells in microbial communities is unclear. Here, we searched for types of stressors the protection from which can be achieved by death of a subpopulation of cells. Thus, we compared the survival of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells upon exposure to various stressors in the presence of additionally supplemented living versus dead cells. We found that dead cells contribute to yeast community resistance against macrolide antifungals (e.g., amphotericin B [AmB] and filipin) to a greater extent than living cells. Dead yeast cells absorbed more macrolide filipin than control cells because they exposed intracellular sterol-rich membranes. We also showed that, upon the addition of lethal concentrations of AmB, supplementation with AmB-sensitive cells but not with AmB-resistant cells enabled the survival of wild-type cells. Together, our data suggest that cell-to-cell heterogeneity in sensitivity to AmB can be an adaptive mechanism helping yeast communities to resist macrolides, which are naturally occurring antifungal agents. IMPORTANCE Eukaryotic microorganisms harbor elements of programmed cell death (PCD) mechanisms that are homologous to the PCD of multicellular metazoa. However, it is still debated whether microbial PCD has an adaptive role or whether the processes of cell death are an aimless operation in self-regulating molecular mechanisms. Here, we demonstrated that dying yeast cells provide an instant benefit for their community by absorbing macrolides, which are bacterium-derived antifungals. Our results illustrate the principle that the death of a microorganism can contribute to the survival of its kin and suggest that early plasma membrane permeabilization improves community-level protection. The latter makes a striking contrast to the manifestations of apoptosis in higher eukaryotes, the process by which plasma membranes maintain integrity.

[The prevalence of obesity in various socio-demographic groups of the population of Russia].

The growing prevalence of overweight and obesity has been recognized by WHO as a global obesity pandemic worldwide. The spread of overweight and obesity is also an urgent problem for Russia. The aim of this study was to analyze the nutritional status of the Russian adult population and the prevalence of overweight and obesity depending on a number of socio-demographic factors and family income. Material and methods. The assessment of the nutritional status of adults was carried out on the basis of anthropometric parameters obtained by the Federal State Statistics Service in the course of the "Sample observation of the population's diet" in 2018 based on a random sample of 45 thousand households in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation. 76.960 people aged 19 and over were examined, including 41% of men and 59% of women. The nutritional status of adults was assessed based on the calculation of the body mass index (BMI). According to the WHO classification, BMI values in the range of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 were taken as normal, BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2 was taken as overweight, and BMI≥30.0 kg/m2 indicated obesity. The prevalence of obesity was analyzed depending on socio-demographic variables: gender, age, place of residence (city, village, type of settlement in terms of population, federal district), marital status, educational level, and per capita income. Results. The body weight and height of respondents with a BMI of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 can be considered as the average normal body weight and height of the adult population in Russia, which amounted to 70.6 kg and 175.4 cm for men, and 60.2 kg and 164 cm for women, respectively. The average body weight of all urban men is 1.3 kg more than that of rural men, while the average body weight of urban women is 2.2 kg less than that of rural women. The growth of urban men and women, respectively, is 2.1 cm and 1.1 cm higher than rural ones. The average BMI values of urban and rural men do not differ, while the BMI of rural women is 1.2 kg/m2 higher than that of urban ones reflecting higher values of the average body weight. The average BMI values of adult men and women are in the zone of values characteristic of overweight (BMI≥25.0 kg/m2). In general, in 2018, only 34.4% of the adult population (33.2% of men and 35.4% of women) had BMI indices corresponding to normal values. Overweight, including obesity (BMI≥25.0 kg/m2), were detected in 66.1%, men and 63.0% of women, and obesity (BMI≥30.0 kg/m2) in 18.8% of men and 27.4% women. The incidence of obesity among adults of both sexes is significantly higher among rural residents, while the incidence of overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2) does not differ. The prevalence of obesity in urban and rural areas decreases with the increase in their population. The frequency of overweight increases with growth in households' average per capita income with high reliability of differences between the 1st and the 5th quintiles of income (p<0.01). At the same time, the incidence of obesity increases from the 1st to the 3rd quintiles, decreasing in the 4th and the 5th quintiles. For men, the dependence of the average BMI values on household income is almost square with high reliability (p<0.001), while for women, a decrease in BMI was revealed only in the 5th quintile of income. Thus, the incidence of obesity among women in the richest population groups is lower than in the less affluent. The incidence of obesity in men increases linearly with age from 19 to 65, and decreases in the age group over 70 years. In women, the frequency of obesity from 19 to 40 years old increases slowly, then there is a rapid increase up to 65 years, and then, like in men, there is a decrease. In young men, the frequency of overweight, including obesity (BMI≥25.0 kg/m2), is 32.3% at the age of 19-25, and 49.3% at the age of 25-30, which, respectively, by 13.1 and 20.0% higher than among women of the same age. Moreover, the frequency of obesity in these age groups of men and women is the same. The highest incidence of BMI≥25.0 kg/m2 in men is observed over 40 (70-76%); in women over 50 (75-83%). The prevalence of obesity (BMI≥30.0 kg/m2) before the age of 50 is approximately the same in men and women, while over the age of 50, the frequency of obesity in women is 12-16% higher than in men. Over the age of 65, there is a decrease of obesity in both sexes, but the incidence remains significantly higher among women than men of a similar age. The prevalence of obesity among urban and rural men in all age groups from 19 to 70 years does not differ significantly. Among rural women the frequency of obesity is significantly higher compared to urban women. Education level affects the prevalence of obesity only in women: the incidence of obesity among women with higher education is considerably lower than among women with less education. Conclusion. Significant differences in the state of nutrition and the prevalence of obesity were revealed depending on the place of residence in urban and rural settlements, the type of settlements in terms of population and the Federal Districts. Noteworthy, there was a significant 10.2% increase in the prevalence of overweight in men in 2018 compared to 2012, while the increase in women was 6.2%. In general, the frequency of overweight increased by 7.8%, amounting to 40.3%. The prevalence of obesity increased in men by 0.9%, while in women decreased by 3.3%. As a result, throughout the adult population, the prevalence of obesity decreased by 1.4%. Based on the available two studies, it is not possible to assert with confidence about the trend of decreasing the prevalence of obesity from 2012 to 2018.

SARS-CoV-2 and Patent Activity.

The article provides information on the patent activity of inventors in relation to applications for inventions related to coronaviruses, in particular, to SARS-CoV-2. The presence of a steady interest in this topic for the period 1996-2020 is illustrated. It is indicated what objects of patent law can be inventions related to vaccines.

Chronic heart failure in the Russian Federation: what has changed over 20 years of follow-up? Results of the EPOCH-CHF study.

Aim    To study the etiology and the dynamics of prevalence and mortality of CHF; to evaluate the treatment coverage of such patients in a representative sample of the European part of the Russian Federation for a 20-year period. Material and methods    A representative sample of the European part of the Russian Federation followed up for 2002 through 2017 (n=19 276); a representative sample of the population of the Nizhny Novgorod region examined in 1998 (n=1922).Results    During the observation period since 2002, the incidence of major CHF symptoms (tachycardia, edema, shortness of breath, weakness) tended to decrease while the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases has statistically significantly increased. During the period from 1998 through 2017, the prevalence of I-IV functional class (FC) CHF increased from 6.1 % to 8.2 % whereas III-IV FC CHF increased from 1.8 % to 3.1 %. The main causes for the development of CHF remained arterial hypertension and ischemic heart disease; the role of myocardial infarction and diabetes mellitus as causes for CHF was noted. For the analyzed period, the number of treatment components and the coverage of basic therapy for patients with CHF increased, which probably accounts for a slower increase in the disease prevalence by 2007-2017. The prognosis of patients was unfavorable: in I-II FC CHF, the median survival was 8.4 (95 % CI: 7.8-9.1) years and in III-IV FC CHF, the median survival was 3.8 (95 % CI: 3.4-4.2) years.

[Dynamics of innovations in food technologies: from specialization to personalization].

Dynamically changing global trends in the field of innovative foods in recent years are aimed at the development of technologies that ensure the formation of segments of new types of products, positioned as healthy products. Scientific directions of research and development in this area, retrospectively related to the development of nutrition science, are focused on solving an interdisciplinary set of tasks to create new types of foods, the distinctive features of which are the specified compositions and properties that determine the health benefits (functional foods) and directed physiological effectiveness (specialized foods for preventive and therapeutic nutrition). Characteristics of the composition of a specific specialized food are formed in connection with its intended purpose on the basis of medico-biological requirements taking into account specific features of nutrition of the population in total, and its separate groups or individual. Depending on the mentioned specifics, the development of specialized foods provides for different levels of determining human needs: from energy consumption to the metabolome. Taking into account these features, the development tasks, methods of proving the effectiveness and conditions for using specialized foods in order to achieve maximum effect are determined. In studies of prophylactic or therapeutic foods, the subject of evaluating the effectiveness of a specialized product is the clinical effect, so innovative research in this category of products is associated with the creation of a universal approach to the development, use and evaluation of the effectiveness of biologically active substances and containing them specialized foods for the correction of metabolic disorders. The vector of innovative development of technologies for the production of specialized foods is focused today on the direction of personalized nutrition. The basis of scientific justification of the distinctive features of the compositions and properties, as well as technological know-how of the production of personalized foods, is the information about the metabolome directly related to the biological functions of the body.

[To the health of the nation through multi-level educational programs for the population in the field of optimal nutrition].

Healthy nutrition is the most crucial component of the quality of life, which is understood as an integral indicator of mental, physical and social functioning of a person. The diet of Russians doesn't contain enough vegetables and fruits, dairy products, while white sugar, salt, products containing animal fat, and trans fats are in excess. Violations of the structure of nutrition and nutritional status lead to the development of diet related non-communicable diseases (cardiovascular, oncological, diabetes mellitus, obesity, gout, osteoporosis, etc.) that are the leading causes of mortality of the population. All this indicates a low level of knowledge of the people about the principles of healthy nutrition. 49.2% of Russians have almost no idea about the rules of healthy eating. In this regard, it is essential to eliminate the existing gap in the education of the population on healthy nutrition through the introduction of training programs. For this purpose, training (educational) programs on healthy eating have been developed for target groups of the population (preschool and school-age children; adults of all ages, including pregnant and breastfeeding women, people older than working age; people with an increased level of physical activity; persons working in severe and harmful conditions or living in territories with unique features in terms of the impact of environmental factors). Based on scientific institutions of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing and Federal Research Centre for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, four scientific-methodical centres and one educational centre on the issues of healthy nutrition have been created for the development of training (education) programs. A great deal of work on the implementation of educational programs for the population on healthy nutrition is carried out by the Profile Commission on Dietetics of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, which includes the chief dietitians of Federal districts of the Russian Federation.

[Physical training in patients with chronic heart failure: level of involvement, as well as psychosocial, anamnestic and iatrogenic factors that determine the motivation to practice].

Introduction Physical exercise (PE) is a necessary part in the treatment of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), which is stated in the European Society of Cardiology guidelines and the Russian Heart Failure Society guidelines. However, this type of non-drug treatment is still not sufficiently used in HF patients in Russia.Aim To study the current involvement of HF patients in PT and to describe psychosocial factors that influence the patients' willingness to exercise and potential barriers and motivations for PE.Methods This study was designed as an in-moment survey. Patients with CHF who visited clinics in 7 cities of the Russian Federation in 2018 as a part of European Heart Failure Awareness Days were provided with a self-administered questionnaire containing questions about their social and educational status, attitude to PT as a method of treatment, and factors motivating and demotivating them to participation in training sessions. The survey participants were also asked a question about their source of information about exercise in HF. Physicians filled in the items describing HF clinical manifestations (left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and HF functional class (FC)). Code numbers were used for further identification of the participants and to protect their confidentiality. Statistical analysis was performed with the StatXcat-8 program. Limits of exact confidence intervals (CIs) were provided both for fractions and parameters of polynomial distribution. CI limits for differences and fractions were calculated using MOVER. Age was analyzed using the PAST program.Results The study included 560 patients with HF; 52 % of them were women (mean age, 64; 95 % CI: 63-65 years). Women were 3 years older than men (95 % CI: 1.3-4.9 years). 501 (89.5 %) patients had FC II-III; 265 (49 %) patients had HF with low EF. 350 (62 %) patients had comorbidities: 41.4 % of patients had diabetes mellitus and 25.4 % of patients had arthritis. Only 91 (17 %) patients reported exercising. Patients younger than 65 exercised significantly more frequently than older ones (odds ratio (OR), 1.7, 95 % CI: 1.0-2.7, р<0.001). Patients with higher education had better chances to be involved in PT or were more anxious to start training (OR, 2.7; 95 % CI: 1.6-4.7, р<0.001). The capability for influencing the disease was the major motivation for PT for both sexes. Probability of this answer was 48 % (95 % CI: 33-61) for men and 46 % (95 % CI: 29-63) for women. 62 % of patients indicated poor health as the major barrier for participation in PT. Only 55 % of patients knew that PT could be a method for HF treatment, and only 50 % were informed about that by their physician.Conclusion The factors that positively influence the willingness to exercise include male sex, higher level of education, younger age, and better perception of the own health condition. 62 % of patients indicated poor health as the major barrier for participation in training. On the whole, the awareness of patients about PT benefits for health in HF was low. To our opinion, this was a serious factor of the extremely low involvement of patients in PT. Only 55 % of patients knew that PT could be a method for HF treatment, and, furthermore, only 50 % of patients received this information from their physicians.

[Socio-behavioral factors for of adherence to treatment of patients with mental disorders inclined to socially dangerous behavior]. / Sotsiobikhevioral'nye faktory priverzhennosti lecheniiu patsientov s psikhicheskimi rasstroistvami, sklonnykh k sotsial'no opasnomu povedeniiu.

AIM: To study behavioral factors as a predictor of the adherence to psychopharmacotherapy in patients inclined to socially dangerous actions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The total number of people with mental disorders that pose a danger to society in the city of Cherepovets was 148 at the moment of the study. Eighty-three patients were examined. The collection of data was carried out by the method of anonymous sociological survey of patients using a specially developed questionnaire. To interpret the data, quantitative and qualitative indicators were calculated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Every one in three (28.9%) patients does not follow the doctor's advice. The main reasons for amending the therapy prescribed by the doctor are as follows: high price for the medicines (43.2%), side effects (32.4%) and ineffective treatment (24.4%). Whereby each in two (45.8%) patients considers the most effective medicines to be the natural resource materials (39.8%) or homeopathic medicines (6%), whereas 12% do not believe in the efficacy of any medicine. The reasons for the low adherence to psychopharmacotherapy of patients with mental disorders prone to socially dangerous actions were the insufficient amount of medical information provided by the doctor (51.8%), the insufficient therapeutic relationship between the patient and the doctor (28.9%) and patient dissatisfaction with the quality of treatment (22.9%).

[The role of ADRB1 genes polymorphism in examined patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease].

The study purpose is to evaluate effect of ADRB1 gene polymorphism on echocardiography indices and endothelial function in patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease. The sampling consisted of 128 patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease. The echocardiography was performed on Philips Affinity 50 device and evaluation of endothelial function was implemented on "AngioScan01" device. The genetic typing was carried out according polymorphic markers Gly49Ser and Gly389Arg. The nucleotide replacement of glycine with serine resulted in increasing of left sections of heart both at Ser49Ser (left atrium 5.65±0.09 cm; LVED 5.61±0.27 cm; LVES 3.76±0.16 cm), and Gly49Ser (left atrium 5.65±0.09 cm; LVED 5.61±0.27 cm; LVES 3.76±0.16 cm), The similar situation occurred when glycine was replaced with arginine: for Arg389Arg homozygotes (left atrium 5.63±0.12 cm; LVED 5.97±0.20 cm; LVES 3.97±0.16 cm); and heterozygotes Gly389Arg (LVED 5.60±0.08 cm; LVES 3.78±0.07 cm). Homozygosity of Ser49Ser in endothelial function led to low values of index augmentation (5.83±0.80%) and indicators reflecting function of small resistive arteries were the worst (1.30±0.07). Arg389Arg homozygotes had the worst endothelial function in system of large arteries (-20.40±0.68 ms). highest severity of arterial stiffness (23.00±0.68%) as compared with Gly389Gly homozygotes (8.92±0.99% and 62.67±1.41 years). ADRB1 gene polymorphism in subjects with HRBS leads to dilatation of left heart. The effect on endothelial dysfunction is multidirectional: Ser49Ser homozygosity leads to minimal arterial stiffness and changes in small resistive arteries; homozygosity of Arg389Arg leads to maximum changes in large conducting arteries and the highest rates of vascular stiffness.

Jasmonic Acid Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress with Different Outcome in Cultured Normal and Tumor Epidermal Cells.

Plant hormones produce cytotoxic effect on human cells and can trigger the processes unrelated to cell death, e.g., biosynthetic system stress. The goal of this study was to investigate activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by jasmonic acid (JA) and to distinguish between the responses of cultured immortalized non-tumorigenic HaCaT cells and epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells to this plant hormone. JA was used in the concentration of 2 mM, as it suppressed cell proliferation in both cell lines. We analyzed expression of genes associated with the activation of ER stress (GRP78, ATF4, CHOP), the structure of the ER and Golgi complex, and synthetic processes in the HaCaT and A431 cell lines. JA induced expression of genes responsible for the activation of ER stress and caused hypertrophic changes in the Golgi complex in both cell lines. However, the patterns of gene expression in the HaCaT and A431 cells were different, and higher levels of involucrin synthesis were observed in A431 but not in HaCaT cells, suggesting that JA activated differentiation of the tumor A431 cells only. Therefore, JA induced ER stress in both cell lines, but the consequences of ER stress were different for the epidermal immortalized non-tumorigenic and tumor cells.

EPOCHA-AH 1998­2017. Dynamics of prevalence, awareness of arterial hypertension, treatment coverage, and effective control of blood pressure in the European part of the Russian Federation.

AIM: To perform a repeated epidemiological study of a representative sample in the European part of the Russian Federation in 2017 and to compare the dynamics of arterial hypertension (AH) prevalence with the effectiveness of blood pressure (BP) control in the population compared to 1998, 2002, and 2007. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A representative sample of the European part of the Russian Federation was created in 2002 and re-examined in 2007 and 2017. In 1998, a pilot project was performed for examining a representative sample for the Nizhniy Novgorod region. RESULTS: During 19 years of follow-up, the AH prevalence increased from 35.5 to 43.3%. Te awareness and treatment coverage reached 76.9 and 79.3%, respectively, in 2017. Achievement of the target BP with a single measurement also increased among patients receiving antihypertensive medication from 14.3 to 34.9%. For the treatment of AH, medium-acting antihypertensive drugs are used, ofen at suboptimal doses. CONCLUSION: Epidemiological indices of awareness, treatment coverage, and number of effectively managed patients with AH have improved. However, the AH prevalence has increased by 7.8% for 19 years, which indicates inefciency of the primary prevention of this disease.

[Renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11 translocation involving the gene]. / Pochechno-kletochnyi rak, assotsiirovannyi s Xp11-translokatsiei gena.

The paper describes a clinical case of the rare tumor renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11 translocations involving the TFE3 gene in a 53-year-old male patient. It provides the detailed characteristics of current diagnostic techniques.

[Laryngeal paraganglioma]. / Paraganglioma gortani.

The paper describes a clinical case of laryngeal paraganglioma, a rare tumor. It provides the detailed characteristics of current diagnostic techniques.

REORGANIZATION OF INTERPHASE MICROTUBULES IN ROOT CELLS OF MEDICAGO SATIVA L. DURING ACCLIMATION TO OSMOTIC AND SALT STRESS CONDITION.

We have investigated the organization of microtubule system in interphase cells of Medicago sativa L. roots during acclimation to salt and osmotic stress at different concentrations of NaCl, Na2SO4 and mannitol. We have identified several morphological changes in tubulin cytoskeleton that appear during the acclimation to salt and osmotic stress in the cells of different root tissues: 1) decreased density of cortical microtubule network, 2) random orientation of cortical microtubule bundles, 3) non-uniform density of the bundles, 4) thickening of the bundles, 5) fragmentation of the bundles, 6) formation of centers of converging microtubule. Reduced density of the microtubule network and thickening of the bundles was detected during osmotic and salt stress, yet random orientation of cortical microtubules was observed under osmotic stress and not found during salt stress. Fragmentation of microtubule bundles was apparent during salt stress and less evident at high concentration of mannitol. Formation of centers of converging microtubule was common under prolonged action of sodium sulfate, less common under sodium chloride and not found after mannitol treatment. Our data show that cortical microtubules in alfalfa root cells rearrange not only in response to different ions, but also to osmotic pressure. Thus, the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms inducing reorganization of the microtubule system may be triggered not only by sodium cations but also by sulfate and chloride anion at the concentrations that do not cause irreversible cell damage. Our study show that the osmotic and salt stress differently affect the cortical microtubules, and their reorganization in response to stress depends on the salt cations as well as anions might also show additional effect under salt stress.